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英语中定语从句的引导词及其应用?
如何选择定语从句的引导词?
一、定语从句的引导词有关系代词who， whom，whose，which，that， as；关系副词when， where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。
1．定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who ／that，修饰物时用which ／that引导。如：
Is this the factory which ／that makes TV sets？
The man who ／that visited our school is from Australia．
2．从句中缺宾语，修饰人时用 who ／whom ／that或省略引导词；修饰物时用which ／that或省略引导词。如：
Gone are the days which ／that we spent together in the village．
He is the man who ／whom ／that I think to be worthy of our praise．
3．从句中缺时间状语，用when或介词＋which引导。如：
The day finally came when ／on which I was given a job．
We'll put off the outing until next week，when we won't be so busy．
4．从句中缺地点状语，用where或介词＋which引导。如：
Please put the letter on the desk where ／on which he can easily find it．
5．从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时，引导词用why ／for which ／ that。如：
This is the reason why ／for which ／ that he didn't come to the meeting．
6．从句中缺定语，人和物都用 whose引导。如：
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan．
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black．
7．当先行词是way时，其定语从句的引导词用in which ／that。如：
The way in which ／that he looks at problems is wrong．
二、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
1．在固定词组the same．．．as，such．．．as中，as引导限制性定语从句。如：
He is not such a fool as he looks．
I've bought the same dress as she is wearing．
2．当先行词是整个主句时，可用 as ／which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。
②as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens，as is often the case（常有的事）等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况。
③as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义。如：
As is well known，Shanghai is a big city．
Some of the roads were flooded， which made our journey more difficult．
三、关系代词who，whom，whose， which和as能引导非限制性定语从句，而that不能；非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语，引导词也不能省略；关系副词when，where能引导非限制性定语从句，而why不能。如：
Abraham Lincoln，who led the United States through the Civil War years，was shot on April 14，1865．
四、先行词是物时，其引导词可用 which也可用that，通常情况下二者可互换，但在有些情况下不能。
1．用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况：
①非限制性定语从句用which，不用that引导。如：
Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world．
②先行词为that时，为了避免重
复，定语从句用which不用that引导。如：
That which you borrowed from me wasn't a real diamond necklace．
③介词后用which不用that引导。如：
The method with which you solved the problem is very good．
2．用that不用which的七种情况：
①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用 that不用which引导。如：
This is the best place that I have ever visited．
The second question that is asked is why we don't fall off the earth．
②先行词为little，much，all，none，few，（the）one， something，everything，nothing，anything等不定代词时，用that引导。如：
There is nothing in the world that can frighten him．
③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用 that引导。如：
He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited．
④先行词前有any，all，no，few，every，some，little， much，（the）very，（the）only，（the）last等词修饰时，用 that引导。如：
This is the very coat that I need．
Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn？
⑤先行词为which时，为了避免重复，用that引导。如：
Which is the book that you bought yesterday？
⑥先行词在从句中作表语时，常用that引导。如：
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930's．
⑦当主句是There be．．．句型时，用that引导。
There are two tickets for the film that are for you two．
五、在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致；当one前有the only修饰时，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致。如：
He was one of the students who were late for class．
He was the only one of the students who was late for class．
六、引导词前有介词或短语介词时，修饰人只能用 whom，修饰物只能用which引导。如：
My glasses，without which I was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke．
The man，by whom the wolf was shot，is called Jackson．
定语从句所有引导词用法（高中）
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
定语从句的引导词 如何确定
它们都在定语从句中担任句子成分。现分述如下：
1. 定语从句如果修饰人，常常用关系代词who，有时也用that(作主语时多用who)。例如：
He is a man who / that often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人。
如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语， 就应当用whom或that， 但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略，且在口语中可用who代替whom。例如：
Here is the man (whom / that / who) you would like to see. 这就是你想见的那个人。
值得注意的是，如果是在介词的后面就只能用whom。例如：
The boy to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。
如果表示“……的”时，就用who的所有格whose。例如：
whose的先行词也可是物。例如：
The house whose windows face the street is my uncle‘s. 窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的。
2. 定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that的时候较多，有时也用which。例如：
It‘s a computer which / that costs six thousand yuan. 这是一台价值六千元的电脑。
当这个代词在从句中用作宾语时，往往都会把它省略。例如：
The present(that / which) you gave me is very beautiful. 你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮。
在介词的后面只能用which。例如：
This is the book about which they are talking. 这就是他们正在谈论的那本书。
3. 定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时，用关系副词when。例如：
I will never forget the day when I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。
4. 定语从句修饰地点名词时，用关系副词where。例如：
This is the place where we lived for five years. 这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方。
5. 定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时，用关系副词why。例如：
定语从句的引导词有哪些？怎样使用？
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词，
而引导定语从句的词叫引导词，有关系代词和关系副词两类。
1． 关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语，whose
作定语。代人的有：who,whom,whose,that；代物的有：that,which,whose.例如：
The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人，在定语从句中作主语)
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that代人，在定
语从句中作宾语，可省略)
I�0�7m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人，在定从中作表语)
A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words(which
或that代物，在定从中作主语)
2． 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点),why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。
例如：Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
注意：不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从，不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。
定语从句的引导词的用法?
定于从句可用的引导词有：that which who
where when是地点、时间壮语从句的引导词，其中where有时可以用in which代替，还有像by which, of which这些也都有，但他们所充当的句子部分要看他们所修饰的词在句中的功能。
解题时要认清从句所要修饰的先行词在句子中充当的部分，或该句子要**充当什么部分，如宾语从句就充当宾语、主从充当主语。
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